AtoZ Diseases

What is this condition?

This condition refers to any vaginal bleeding that deviates from the normal menstrual cycle before menopause begins. These deviations include menstrual bleeding that’s abnormally infrequent, abnormally frequent, excessive, deficient, or irregular (bleeding between periods). Occasionally, symptoms of menstruation occur without external bleeding (called cryptomenorrhea).

Abmnormal Premenopausal bleeding may merely be troublesome or can cause severe hemorrhage; the prognosis depends on the underlying cause. Abnormal bleeding patterns often respond to hormonal or other therapy.

What Causes it?

• Causes of abnormal premenopausal bleeding vary:
• Abnormally frequent or infrequent bleeding usually results from failure to ovulate because of endocrine or other disorders.
• Excessive bleeding usually results from local lesions, such as uterine tumors, polyps in the endometrium (uterine lining), and endometrial hyperplasia. It may also result from inflammation of the uterus or fallopian tubes and failure to ovulate.
• Deficient bleeding results from local, endocrine, or other disorders or from blockage caused by partial obstruction by the hymen (a membrane at the vaginal opening) or cervical obstruction.
• Bleeding between periods is most commonly no more than a slight bleeding from the endometrium during ovulation. However, it may also result from local disorders, such as malignant uterine tumors, cervical erosions, polyps (which tend to bleed after intercourse), or inappropriate estrogen therapy. Complications of pregnancy can also cause premenopausal bleeding. Such bleeding may be mild or severe .
• Cryptomenorrhea may result from an abnormally closed hymen or cervical narrowing.

What are its symptoms?

Bleeding not associated with abnormal pregnancy is usually painless. but it may be severely painful. When bleeding is associated with abnormal pregnancy, other symptoms include nausea, breast tenderness, bloating, and fluid retention. Severe or prolonged bleeding causes anemia, especially in women with underlying disease (such as a blood disorder) and in women receiving anticoagulants.

How is it diagnosed?

The typical clinical picture confirms abnormal premenopausal bleeding. The doctor will take a health history. Special tests identify. the underlying cause. These may include lab tests of blood hormone levels, endometrial sampling to rule out malignant tumors, a pelvic exam, and a Pap test. A complete blood count helps to eliminate anemia as a cause.

If testing rules out pelvic and hormonal causes of abnormal bleeding, further blood studies may help to determine clotting abnormalities.

How is it Treated?

Treatment depends on the type of bleeding abnormality and its cause. Menstrual irregularity alone may not require therapy unless it interferes with the woman’s attempt to achieve or avoid conception or leads to anemia. When it does require treatment, the drug Clomid induces ovulation. Electrocautery, chemical cautery, or cryosurgery can remove cervical polyps; dilation and curettage, uterine polyps. Organic disorders - such as cervical or uterine cancer - may require hysterectomy, radium or X-ray therapy, or both of these treatments, depending on the site and extent of the disease. Of course, anemia and infections require appropriate treatment.

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Has your spouse recently grown averse to you? Well, this does not mean he has lost interest in you but you have lost interest in yourself! You should be aware that your charm can take you a long way as far as happiness in your marriage is concerned. In majority of cases, the culprit may be your increasing weight. If yes, then you should take steps to keep it in check with various options available. Along with planned diet and exercise, most people believe in different diet pills.

However, choosing a diet pill is one of the most tedious tasks. You want to find a combination of good result pill along with safe pill. It is rare usually to find such combination. However, nueslim has made it possible! With the Nueslim diet pills, you can lose substantial amounts of weight within stipulated time period. But at the same time, you will ensure your safety with it.

It accelerates your metabolism in such a subtle way that you burn fats faster than with any other diet pill and that too very safely. You also tend to gain energy with the same pill that is responsible for weight loss. Sounds strange, isn’t it? But it is a fact with nueslim and you will find your body getting rejuvenated with every pill taken. And that too without addition of stimulants like ephedrine or caffeine. No wonder if your husband will be all over in love with you again after you shed that excess flab!

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Are you envious of the sexy figures of models walking the ramp? Well, before getting jittery, think how hard they must have worked to adorn that sexy look! And mind you, even you and I can walk their paths with little caution and discipline. Why? You don’t agree with me? Then you must be unaware of a diet supplement Proactol, the great! With the Proactol and well-sketched diet and exercise regime, your dream can turn into a reality soon.

When you want to start on a plan for weight loss, what you want to achieve in the first place is getting rid of fat. This work is efficiently done with Proactol. Achieving consistency in your weight loss regime is easy with proactol, that helps keep your fat stores in check. The natural ingredients of proactol do not give rise to any side effects too. Thus, you can consume the desired quantity without any hassles.

If you are a strict vegetarian, proactol offers you the most natural diet pill made of only herbs and vegetables. The ingredients of proactol bind with the body fat thus rendering it inactive and pushing out of the body. Thus, once you start taking Proactol, you start feeling light and bubbling with energy. When a person consumes 2-3 pills after each meal, he can definitely look forward to losing substantial amounts within a few months. As proactol also helps one reduce appetite, it helps enormously for binge eaters too. Thus, a proactol regime along with a good diet and regular exercise mode, yields amazing results within comparatively shorter time period!

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Many people suffer from some or the other allergies. These allergies may be respiratory in origin. This may result in undue watering of eyes, sneezing, throat irritation, cough, and breathlessness at times. If this is the case with you, smoking tobacco is going to harm you more. You have higher chances of contacting serious medical diseases like lung cancer. Yes, it is true and it is also true that you should take definitive measures to tackle your habit. If you want to do so, vaporizer can be the best option you have.

The vaporizers are of various types and they help you get rid of your smoking habit. This way you do not harbor the tar and other harmful gases like carbon monoxide and dioxide while you smoke. This also saves you hot temperature because the volcano vaporizer heats the herbs inside at low temperatures, thus saving your gastric and esophageal mucosa.

Also you get to use different helpful herbs that help you to get rid of your allergy. As we know, many herbal medicines are available nowadays to treat allergies of different types. For example, you can use ginger and garlic medicine through volcano vaporizer and inhale the fragrance to get rid of allergic colds and coughs. Well, don’t you think it is better to replace your doctor by vaporizer? Surely it is your doctor at home!

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Wedding is a grand occasion for which every girl has special plans. The bridal ensemble and jewelry always form the most important aspects of every wedding. The wedding jewelry is usually cherished for life, as sweet memories are related to them. The girl wants to match her jewelry to her attire that she will wear on marriage. Today, most of the girls follow minimalist trend and wear minimal but elegant jewelry. That’s why besides usual metallic jewelry, pearl jewelry is in high demand.

The classic pearls suit every occasion and every wear. Also with the online markets at their peaks, pearls are available in numerous varieties as never before. The wedding pearls are always given high priority over budget and little extra expenditure is not a crime. However, these online pearl manufacturers give you fabulous discounts if you purchase online. This way you stick to your budget too and avail amazing piece of jewelry too.

Many pieces of pearl necklaces, bracelets and earrings are available from which making choice is often an uphill task. No wonder if you end up selecting more than one piece of pearl jewelry. Many types of pearls as per your choice throng the market. For those of you who love the sheer elegance and luster of fresh water pearls, many variety of jewelry are available. Just order your choice jewelry and find one at your doorstep within no time!

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Red blood cell production takes place in the bone marrow, and depends substantially on two vitamins, vitamin B 12 and folic acid. Your body absorbs these vitamins from certain foods . If you do not get enough of either vitamin, red blood cell production falls. Also, those red blood cells that are formed are defective. The result is one of these forms of anemia.In North America, nearly everyone’s diet contains sufficient quantities of B 12 . A deficiency of the vitamin usually occurs because your body cannot absorb it. In a healthy person the liver contains reserves of vitamin B 12 . If you develop an inability to absorb B12′ your body will eventually deplete these reserves and anemia will develop.

There are various reasons why some people cannot absorb B 12 . Your body normally absorbs B 12 from the lower small intestine. But before this can occur the vitamin must combine in the stomach with a special substance known as intrinsic factor, which is secreted by the stomach lining. In some people, for reasons that are not fully understood, the stomach lining stops secreting enough intrinsic factor. Without it, sufficient quantities of vitamin B 12 cannot be absorbed. This is the most common type of B 12 deficiency, and it is called pernicious anemia.

If you have had some forms of digestivetract surgery, your body’s ability to absorb B 12 may be reduced, sometimes to the point where it cannot absorb any of the vitamin.

Folic acid deficiency is usually due to inadequate amounts of the vitamin in the diet. Folic acid is generally supplied by green vegetables. Your body cannot build large reserves of this vitamin, so any deficiency shows up within a few weeks as a form of anemia called folic acid deficiency. If you have celiac disease you are also susceptible to folic acid deficiency because you cannot absorb sufficient amounts of folic acid, even if it is plentiful in your diet. Finally, there are some people who have an increased requirement for folic acid, and they need more of the vitamin than an ordinary diet provides.

Both types of anemia produce the symptoms associated with anemia in general, but B I2 deficiency anemia is more serious, because B 12 is vital to the maintenance of the nervous system as well as to the production of red blood cells. Deficiency of B I2 therefore damages the brain and spinal cord, which causes additional symptoms.

What are the Symptoms?

The main symptoms of B 12 and folic acid deficiency anemia are those of other anemias. They include paleness, fatigue, shortness of breath, and palpitations, or heart fluttering, particularly if you exert yourself. In both disorders, your mouth and tongue may be sore, and your skin may become yellow in color. If the spinal cord is affected by B 12 deficiency, you may not be able to walk or keep your balance properly, and you may feel continuous tingling in your hands and feet. You may also suffer some memory loss, confusion and depression.

Pernicious anemia, the most common type of B 12 deficiency, is equally common in men and women, and rare before the age of 40. If you have a close relative who has pernicious anemia, you have a greater than average risk of contracting it. Folic acid deficiency is somewhat more common than B 12 deficiency. It often occurs in elderly people, who may live on a poor diet. It also occurs in pregnant women, who need extra supplies of the vitamin for the developing baby. It is particularly common in cases of severe alcoholism, because alcoholics often do not eat properly.

What are the Risks?

If you have B I2 or folic acid deficiency anemia, and if it is treated promptly, you will probably recover completely. If you do not obtain prompt treatment for B 12 deficiency anemia you risk permanent damage to your spinal cord and, to a lesser extent, irreversible intellectual impairment.

What should be done?

If you have symptoms of anemia, see your physician. If your movement, balance or memory are also affected, make the appointment without delay. Be sure to tell the physician if you have a close relative who has pernicious anemia. Tests on a blood sample can usually establish whether or not you have either of these vitamin deficiencies. But if you have one of them, the underlying cause usually can be determined only by examining the results of further tests.

What is the Treatment?

Once your ability to absorb vitamin B 12 through the digestive tract has been lost, it can never be regained. Treatment of pernicious anemia and other types of B 12 deficiency consists of a life-long series of vitamin B 12 injections. You may eventually be able to give them to yourself. It is important that you do not miss an injection; if you do, your symptoms will return. Problems with walking and balancing may take several months to improve. If these symptoms existed for a long time before treatment began, they may never disappear completely.

Folic acid deficiency that is caused by an inadequate diet can be cleared up completely. At first, your physician Ayres acid tablets. After that, you will probably be told how to make sure that your diet contains adequate amounts of the vitamin. If the deficiency is caused by a failure to absorb normal quantities of folic acid, or by an increased requirement for it, extra folic acid may be prescribed in tablet form for an indefinite period.

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Bronchiectasis is the enlargement or distortion of one or more of the bronchi, or main air passages into the lungs, often as a result of frequent infections in childhood. The disorder takes years to develop. It leads to impaired drainage of the fluid that is normally secreted by bronchial cells, and this fluid may then remain in the lungs where it will then become stagnant. The stagnant fluid can lead to further infection.

What are the Symptoms?

The main symptom of bronchiectasis is a frequent cough that brings up large quantities of green or yellow phlegm, or sputum, which sometimes is spotted with blood. The quantity of phlegm generally increases when you change position. This is especially true when you lie down.

If you have bronchiectasis, you are susceptible to repeated infections of the lung when you catch an ordinary cold. You may also have chronically bad breath.

What are the Risks?

Bronchiectasis is rare because many childhood infections that caused the disorder, such as sinusitis and the chest infections that often followed measles or whooping cough, now can be prevented by immunization or effectively treated with antibiotics. Similarly, tuberculosis, which also damages the lungs, has become extremely rare. Even people who have bronchiectasis can usually lead normal lives. They owe this to the effectiveness of antibiotics, which are usually given at the first sign of further infection.

If bronchiectasis is treated when the symptoms first appear, there is little danger.

What should be done?

If you repeatedly cough up large amounts of green or yellow phlegm, consult your physician, who will probably listen to your chest with a stethoscope and may also want you to have a chest X-ray and a bronchoscopy, a procedure in which an instrument called a bronchoscope is used to examine your bronchi. The results of these tests will help your physician to make a diagnosis.

What is the Treatment?

Self-help: There is nothing you can do until bronchiectasis has been diagnosed. If you find that you have the condition, make a special effort to avoid getting colds and sore throats. Do not smoke, and stay out of smoke-filled rooms. If the lower part of your lung is infected, as it probably is if you have bronchiectasis, your physician probably will tell you about a self-help technique called postural drainage. This is a method of getting rid of bronchial secretions. In this technique, you place yourself so that the bronchus leading to the affected lobe of your lung is upside down. The fluid then drains out, and you can cough it up. Lying on a bed with your head and chest hanging over the edge for five to ten minutes twice a day can help keep your lungs fairly clear.

Professional help: At the first sign of bronchiectasis your physician will probably prescribe an antibiotic and instruct you to take the whole prescription even if the infection seems to clear up. If your condition is very localized, or if a lot of blood is mixed with the phlegm, your physician may advise you to have the affected part of the lung removed. Such surgery is seldom necessary for this condition, however. If it proves to be necessary in your case, your doctor will see that you are admitted to a hospital.

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If part of the mucous membrane that lines the nose becomes distended and protrudes into the nasal cavity, the growth that it forms is known as a nasal polyp. Polyps are caused by overproduction of fluid in the cells of the membrane. This can be caused by a condition such as allergic rhinitis . These polyps are harmless, but a big one or several little ones can obstruct your nasal passages, make breathing difficult, and impair your sense of smell. If the opening between the nasal cavity and one of the sinuses is blocked by a polyp, you may have headaches or pain in the muscles of your face.

What should be done?

If your nose is gradually becoming blocked, you may have nasal polyps. You may be able to see them in a mirror, by shining a light up your nostrils. They look like pearly gray lumps. However, polyps are often at the back of the nose, where you can only see them with a special instrument. If you suspect that you have nasal polyps, you should consult your physician. The only way to treat nasal polyps is to remove them. If the diagnosis is confirmed, your doctor may refer you to a specialist for surgery. This minor operation is usually done under local anesthetic. Sometimes both the polyps and the lining of the sinuses where they originate must be removed. In these cases, more extensive surgery that is performed under a general anesthetic is required.

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Your body needs a constant supply of oxygen to stay alive. It also needs to dispose of carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism. In your lungs oxygen from the air you breathe is transferred to your blood and carbon dioxide is released from the blood. The blood transports the oxygen to all parts of your body. The carbon dioxide is exhaled. When the blood has less oxygen and lots of carbon dioxide in it, the heart pumps it back to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries.The bronchus, or main airway that leads into each lung, divides into smaller and smaller airways called bronchioles. Each bronchiole ends in a cluster of tiny air-sacs called alveoli. Each alveolus contains several small capillaries. The walls of those capillaries are thin enough to allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move between the air and the blood. There are millions of alveoli in each lung.

Your lungs are especially vulnerable to particles floating in the air. Bacteria that cause disorders like pneumonia irritants such as tobacco smoke, which can cause lung cancer and, in some people, airborne allergens, which cause asthma or farmer’s lung can all interfere with lung functions.

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Today, eye conditions causing visual impairment that twenty years ago could be corrected only by very thick glasses, have a much simpler remedy. Thanks to huge advancements in the field of optometry, conditions like nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism and presbyopia are all possible to correct with something as simple as ultra-thin contact lenses. The contact lens industry uses the very latest material technology and advanced design to create a product that can’t be comparable to the contact lens of the 60’s or 70’s. And despite this vast development, the consumer prices have come down considerably.

The contact lens of today is extremely soft, lets the eye breath and is very easy to use. It also “breathes” to let more oxygen through to the cornea, to prevent irritation and tired eyes. On top of this, many lenses are provided with a UV filter, which blocks out the dangerous rays from the sun. Modern lenses can also be worn for extended periods of time with no cleaning or maintenance, and they are so comfortable that they are unnoticeable.

To buy contacts, just make a quick visit to your local eye care professional, who can help you to try out which lenses suit you best.

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